2017/7/2打卡 Chapter one

一直对于那些很优秀的人很羡慕，但却不知道我与他们哪里不同，或许这本会给我带来答案吧，Matthew Effect 在我看来，这个现象真的很现实，生活中到处都可以看到，强者愈强，弱者愈弱，富者愈富，穷者愈穷，环境对于一个人的成长还是很重要的We all know that successful people come from hardy seeds. But do we know enough about the sunlight that warmed them, the soil in which they put down the roots, and the rabbits and lumberjacks they were lucky enough to avoid?

有时候有些人一出生差距就开始产生，那些差距是无法拟补的，也不得不去承认。

尽管人与人存在着差距，但是任何人面对一个的挑战时，都会在最初的阶段有一段困难期。当然机会也很重要。

Think for a moment about what the story of hockey and early birthdays says about success. It tells us that our notion that it is the best and the brightest who effortlessly rise to the top is much too simplistic. Yes, the hockey players who make it to the professional level are more talented than you or me. But they also got a big head start, an opportunity that they neither deserved nor earned. And that opportunity played a critical role in their success.

感觉今天好像没太读懂，虽然有单词会，但是却不知道句子想表达什么…

7.3 Chapter one

Ending sentence: Instead pf playing on the ice.

rep squad 代表球队

under one's belt吃进自己肚子里；在以往的经历中

skew歪斜

eligibility date 合格日期

tax break减税优惠，税额优惠，减税特许，减税机会

尽管是同样大的孩子们，在很多方面都是存在差异的，而这种差异其实会造成很多问题，对于孩子的成长来讲，影响是很大的，而很多人并没有在意这一问题。作者提及到社会中尤其是学校应该进行分班教育。

成功的因素有很多，需要机遇，兴趣，环境，社会因素，但是最重要的因素“accumulative advantage”，就像那句话所说的一样“Practice make perfect”.

huge effect：It means that if you take two intellectually equivalent fourth graders with birthdays at opposite ends of the cutoff date, the older student could score in the eightieth percentile, while the younger one could score in the sixty-eighth percentile. That's the difference between qualifying for a gifted program and not.

1. How did author explain the strangeness about the Medicine Hat Tiger’s name list?

2. What did author say about the initial advantage?

l The small initial advantage that the child born in the early part of the year has over the child born at the end of the year persists. It locks children into patterns of achievement and underachievement, encouragement and discouragement, that stretch on and on for years.

l That initial difference in maturity doesn't go away with time. It persists. And for thousands of students, that initial disadvantage is the difference between going to college - and having a real shot at the middle class - and not.'!-

4. Matthew effect：天之道，损有余而补不足；人之道，则不然，损不足以奉有余。

5. Why did author blame “we” for the dismissive role of those who fail?

l It's outlandish that our arbitrary choice of cutoff dates is causing these long-lasting effects, and no one seems to care about them.

l Because we so profoundly personalize success, we miss opportunities to lift others onto the top rung. We make rules that frustrate achievement. We prematurely write off people as failures. We are too much in awe of those who succeed and far too dismissive of those who fail. And, most of all, we become much too passive. We overlook just how large a role we all play and by "we" I mean society-in determining who makes it and who doesn't.

6. What are the ingredients for success at the highest-level?

Opportunity、accumulative advantage、individual merit、environment、passion、talent、hard work、age

感受：昨天好像是没读进去，今天还好。

7.4 Chapter two

The 10, OOO-Hour Rule前三节

摘：one faculty member一个教员

Most Studious Student最用功的学生

Nerd 书呆子

enrolled in graduate school进入研究生院innate talent 天赋

purposefully and single-mindedly有目的性的并一心一意地

But late in his freshman year, he stumbled across the Computer Center-and he was hooked.

There, he buried himself even deeper in the world of computer software.

He was tall and very thin, with a mop of unruly hair.

His legend grew still further.

But when the students were around the age of eight, real differences started to emerge.

文章一开头以Joy的成功例子开头，讲述了他由一个书呆子如何变成一个格外优秀的编程员的过程，讲述他在小时候喜欢数学极为感兴趣，随后在大学期间，他偶然接触编程，然后就一发不可收拾，他投入大量的时间和精力，最终成为了一个传奇。或许在我看来并不是一个传奇，他只是在与别人相等的时间里，在他所感兴趣的工作投入大量常人难以想象的时间，正因为这样才造就了现在的他。之前去过一个故事，故事中有一个男孩，他对音乐的痴迷程度达到了难以想象的程度，他每天都是练琴练到自己满意为止，练累了，睡一会，起来再练，就这样反反复复的，但并不总是这样，他会在练琴的时候，去听音乐会，去读书，因为他认为接触这些美好的事物，他的音色也会变得动听，他的生活都是以音乐而展开的。很佩服这样的人，热爱一样东西，一往直前，不会放弃，因为那是他们的所爱。希望对于现在阅读量极少的我，慢慢在阅读中体会生活中所没有的乐趣，希望这样的阅读，也慢慢的带给我些许的改变。

It was a story of how the outliers in a particular field reached their lofty status through a combination of ability, opportunity, and utterly arbitrary advantage.

Achievement is talent plus preparation.

1. What did Bill Joy look like?

He was tall and very thin, with a mop of unruly hair.

2. What was Bill called? No-date nerd

3. What did Bill' s story imply?

It told us that we should pay much more time in what we love only that can we be an outlier in some field.

4. 三岁看老。你怎么认为？有些绝对，但并全无道理，一个孩子在他小的时候也许会看到他的天赋所在，但有些表现的并不是很明显。

5. What would distinguish one performer from another once they were in the top music school?

When the students were around the age of eight, real differences started to emerge. And the as time went by, the differences became excessively obvious, the most obvious one is the time that invested.

6. Ten thousand hours is the magic number of greatness. How do you think?

In my opinion, this point of view is right in some way, only have the accumulative advantage can you have the choices to be an outlier.

7.5-7.6 Chapter two

The 10, OOO-Hour Rule后三节

The time that elapsed

sheer brilliance 绝对的卓越

precocious早熟的

cater to： 迎合；为…服务

rummage sale清仓大拍卖；捐赠品慈善拍卖；义卖

比尔盖茨和甲壳虫乐队的例子来展现10,000小时的理论是在其他很多因素的基础之上才可以建立而成的。努力、天赋固然重要，但是机遇也同样重要。每个人的成功都是需要机遇的，没有机会你没有办法向前走，有时候你以为你已经很优秀了，其实事实并不是这个样子，很多时候我们不能拘泥于自己的小世界，就好比井底之蛙那个小故事，世界没有你以为的那样简单，很多时候我们应该跳出自己的圈子，出去看看，比自己强的、优秀的人数不胜数，所以这样时候我们就需要一个机会进入另一个阶段，然后慢慢的变得更好。机遇的作用就在于它给了我们一次成长的机会。(就像我之前我在大二的时候一样，我一直在犹豫到底报不报双专，因为我其实还是很想学好英语的，后来还是报了，虽然双专的人不多，每次上课又有很多不去的，但是却让领悟到了其实英语也可以这样有趣，有些老师会给你讲很多关于英语文化的小故事，或者她出国的经历和感受，还很喜欢外教，他会给我们做饭，看小电影，我们一般在他的办公室上课，他的办公室有很多有趣并古怪的东西，有烤箱，冰箱，冰淇淋机等，墙上五彩缤纷的装饰物让人有些眼花缭乱的感觉。更重要的是英美文学老师，给我们介绍了很多的经典的著作，还会与我们讨论些生活方面的问题，这一切冲击都让我拥有到不一样的从未有过的经历和感受，也给来了很多的变化，虽然很小，但它存在着。这是我做的最不后悔的决定。) 虽然说多了，但是还是感觉机会很重要。

1. What was the key to Bill’s development?

Family support、natural gift、opportunity、the time he invested

2. What can “programming with cards” teach?

It taught you patience and proofreading

3. When did Bill Joy arrive on the Ann Arbor campus?

In the fall of 1971

4. What were the stream of opportunities Bill got?

Opportunity number one was that Gates got sent to Lakeside.

Opportunity number two as that the mothers of Lakeside had enough money to pay or the school's computer fees.

Number three was that, when hat money ran out, one of the parents happened to work t C-Cubed, which happened to need someone to check its code on the weekends, and which also happened not to care if weekends turned into weeknights.

Number four was that Gates just happened to find out about lSI, and lSI just happened to need someone to work on its payroll software.

Number five was that Gates happened to live within walk-ing distance of the University of Washington.

Number six was that the university happened to have free computer time between three and six in the morning.

Number seven was that TRW happened to call Bud Pembroke.

Number eight was that the best programmers Pembroke knew for that particular problem happened to be two high school kids.

And number nine was that Lakeside was willing to let those kids spend their spring term miles away, writing code.

5. 一万小时定量，你怎么看？

有一定的道理，但是从另一方面来看，成功需要很多因素，机遇也占很大一部分。

7.7 Chapter Three

Ending sentence: we continue to make today.

spring up 出现；涌现；萌芽

in the wake of 紧跟，尾随；伴随而来；紧紧跟在…的后面

phenomenal success 非凡成就;非凡成功

A stocky, muscular man in his fifties

高智商并不能代表一切，尽管它对我们的学习和事业很有帮助，但是把高智商的人看作是自己无法达到的目标是一种错误的观点。

1. What featured " Who Wants to Be a Millionaire"?

It features a permanent gallery of one hundred ordinary people who serve as what is called the "mob."

2. Who was Chris Langan?

A stocky, muscular man in his fifties who has a very high IQ.

3. What was his IQ score?

Langan's score was literally off the charts-to high to be accurately measured.Another time, Langan took an IQ test specially designed for people too smart for ordinary IQ tests.

7. What was wrong about Terman's view about hit Termites?

Langan's score was literally off the charts-too high to be accurately measured. Another time, Langan took an IQ test specially designed for people too smart for ordinary IQ tests.

8. Was the same mistake that we are still making today?

We still think that the high IQ will give some good fortune to one’s future and we do not realize that this point of view was absolutely wrong.

7.8 Chapter Three

Ending sentence: other critical trait in abundance.

stellar academic records一流的学术记录

尽管高智商会让你成功更进一步，因为它确实在很多方面发挥着无法比拟的作用。但并不代表它真的在某些方面很有优势，就比如文中那个例子，尽管Florence的智商比Poole高，但是Florence并不像Poole的思维充满想象并可以进行跳跃。我想每个都有他的优势所在，尽管很多事我们总是在羡慕比人比我们聪明得多，学习比我们好的多，但是很多时候因改革呢过的专注于自己那些擅长，坚持自己所做的，慢慢的我们也会变得有优势，聪明却是很棒，但是并不代表一切。

1、What does Raven's Progressive Matrices measure?

Abstract reasoning skills

2、How much do you have to score if you want to succeed in a competitive graduate program?

A score of 100 is average; you probably need to be just above that mark to be able to handle college.

3、 If you IQ score is above 180, will it make a difference?

The IQ level becomes relatively unimportant in terms of ordinary occupational aspirations and criteria of success.

4、Intelligence has a threshold. 你怎么理解？

In my opinion, that means having another skill can give you one more chance to success and there can be closer to your aim.

5、School can be ranked, like runners in a race, makes no sense. 你觉得呢？

Not really, because every situation can have an exception, we can never say that the poorly educated man can never have a choice to success, may be the good school can have a higher rate to success, but everything is possible.

6、What is a divergence test?

Divergence test is a one that you must using your imagination and take your mind in many different directions as much as possible.

7.9 Chapter Three Ending

第三章以Lewis Terman的错误的观点展开来说明其实智商与成功与否关系并不是很大，高智商只是一种先天的优势，它只是一种通往成功的捷径，如果你将它利用好的话，但换一种说法，就算你拥有常人无法企及的高智商，你不努力，也不会成为佼佼者，而文章最后也提到Terman的研究记录中的那些所谓的天才，他们当中的很多人在长大后反而变成了平常人，没有显著的成就，也没有高收入，那些令人讶异的才华像是不存在一样消失了。另一方面，高智商并不代表你拥有更好的想象力和分析能力，就如文中Poole与Florence的例子一样，Florence尽管拥有Poole所没有的智商，但是Poole却拥有着他所没有的才华，这也反映了另一个社会现象，很多高校往往更多的在意学生是否拥有高智商，而忽视了另一重要的问题，就是一个学生是否拥有其他的突出能力。

大多数的我们都是一些在普通不过的学生，没有什么特长，不过也有些从小就学会很多技能，唱歌、跳舞、弹琴、书法样样都会，很多时候我是羡慕的，有时也会有点嫉妒或者埋怨父母，但是就像马太效应中讲到的强者愈强，弱者愈弱。每个人自从出生一来就是不公平的，那些具有先天优势的家庭给孩子们带来的先天的优势是其他出生与普通家庭所无法比你的。或许这样的时候，能让我跳出所谓“弱者”圈子的就是我们自己吧，慢慢的改变，可能慢一点，但不要放弃。

今天读到了一篇碑文，所说的是那为逝者在自己生前年轻时他以为自己可以改变世界，到了中年，他发现自己能力有限，他开始决定改变自己的国家，然而到了暮年，他发现自己并不能改变自己的国家，他最后的愿望是改变自己的家庭，但是这也不可能，当他躺在床上，行将就木时，他才突然意识到如果在最初一开始仅仅去改变自己，然后作为一个榜样，他就有可能为自己的家庭做一些事情，在家人的帮助和鼓励下，他或许也能为自己的国家做一些事情，或许也可以改变世界。但看到这篇碑文时，感触很深，尽管这些道理我们都懂，但是大多数的我们很少能真正的改变自己，虽然不知五年之后，十年之后会发生什么，但是坚持自己所坚持的，然后在坚持中慢慢变成享受。

7.10 Chapter Four

Ending sentence: Chris Langan is good at calculus.

stick up for维护支持；为……辩护

1. How was Chris Langan's family like?

He has 3 brothers, but each of them has their own father, their mom always married a poor or bad guy as they became more poor to support their family.

2. Where did Chris go for his college?

Montana State University

3. Why did he lost his scholarship?

The leader of school said “no one sent us the financial statement, and we allocated all the scholarship money and it's all gone, so I'm afraid that you don't have a scholarship here anymore.”

4. What did he do to make for it to go back to school?

He went back to Bozeman and worked in construction and as a forest services firefighter for a year and a half.

5. Why would not journals publish his writing?

The editor do not believe that a guy didn’t finished his college can write something amazing.

6. What did he say about Harvard?

Harvard is a place that help students to learn and enjoy their in the sea of knowledge without financial pressure, because in this place only if you want to be better ,there will be a chance.

7. Why did author say this story was a bit strange?

8. What was the story of Oppenheimer?

奥本海默和兰根的故事有什么相同和不同啊？

家庭给予孩子的影响不同，一个是靠自己奋斗，父母完全没有管，对知识的欲望极大但却没有人发现，他在孤零零的战斗，最后也没有什么特别的成就。然而奥本海默并不一样，它从小就被大人们所注视着，他的才华很早就被挖掘并且很顺利的完成了学业，尽管中间发生了一些事情，但总的来说，两个同样都富有才华的人到最后的成就却截然不同，归根结底都应该是家庭对他们的所造成的影响，它反映了一个很现实的问题就是家庭教育对于孩子来说极其重要。

奥本海默比兰根强到哪里呢？

奥本海默的潜力与才华从小就开始被挖掘着。

7.11 Chapter Four

Ending sentence: made sure he wasn't bored.

通过这两节的阅读，前面想要表达内容变得更加清晰起来，也更加体现出了一个家庭的教育到底会对孩子又怎样的影响，文中一两类典型家庭为例，一类是出生于相对富裕并且父母都受到到等教育家庭的，另一类则是家境贫困，父母的文化水平也不高。令人吃惊的是，两类家庭对于孩子的教育完全相反。比如其中一幕，班里开家长会，第一类家长会向老师提出问题和要求，但是第二类家长则畏畏缩缩，不说话，只是静静的坐在那里。另一幕是Alex的妈妈带着他去看牙医，当他问妈妈该如何与医生交流时，他的妈妈说他什么都可以问，不要害羞，而通常在生活中，如果父母到我出门的话，一般都会对我说不要乱讲话，要有礼貌，不该说的别说之类的，但是文中的母亲并没有，他教会还如何去与人以一种平等的的方式交流。还有就是当第一类家庭中的孩子在学校组织出去玩时，他们会向老师提出要求，而第二来家庭中的孩子则不会，我想这也是大多数人所欠缺的能力。感触很深。

1. What is practical intelligence?

Knowing what to say to whom, knowing when to say it and knowing how to say it for maximum effect.

2. Where does it come from?

It is from family education.

3. How many parenting philosophies? 2

4. What are they?

The wealthier parents raised their kids one way, and the poorer parents raised their kids another way.

4. What is converted cultivation?

A skill that you can speak up for yourself and an ability to communicate with people which all of this can help you to live well in the society.

5. Now again, 奥本海默比兰根强到哪里呢？

比起兰根，奥本海默从小家庭相对富裕，他收到了良好的教育，他所要展现的才华都得到了回应，父母帮助他形成了”practical intelligence”，而兰根并没有这样的机会去发展他的才华。

7.12 Chapter Four

End

四章总结

首先，在最初Terman 认为Termits中的大部分将会成为社会精英，并且他坚信他的预测将会是正确的，但是他错了，随着这些孩子慢慢长大，差异也逐渐显现出来。他将他们划分为三组，A组就是所谓的社会精英，在各个领域崭露头角。B组虽然并不是社会精英，但是过的还算不错。C组是那些曾经被认为是将和A组一样优秀的天才，但是事实并不是这样，他们最后都是社会比较底层的那群人，有些是邮差或是无业游民。

是什么造成A组与C组有这样的差异呢?最主要也是唯一的原因就是家庭对于孩子的影响，A组中，大多数的父亲都是受到过高等教育，而C组中有三分之一以上的父母在十八岁之前就不上学了。在随后的调查当中，他们发现A组家庭中的孩子们都很精灵，会与人相处，并且着装得体，而C组中的孩子却相反。但是他们却很有天赋，这一点是毋庸置疑的，造成他们变成之后那样的原因就是他们没有得到A组孩子们一样的教育，父母没有教他们如何正确的与人相处，如何更好的适应这个社会，就像Chris Langan这个例子一样，尽管他长大了并有了自己的家庭，但是很多那些在儿时没有解决的问题仍然存在，他仍然不会与这个社会接触、交流。也么有适应，这也应该是他为什么搬到了郊外农场的一个原因之一吧（自我猜测(*/ω＼*)）。

从这里也可以看得出来，家庭教育为什么如此重要，他会教会孩子适应这个社会的能力，就像自然界中动物们从父母身上习得的生存技能一样重要，这个社会就是物竞天择，适者生存。就算是有天赋，但是如果家庭教育失败，将会该孩子带来无法弥补的后果。

7.13 Chapter Five

Ending sentence: setback was a golden opportunity.

The firm began to grow by leaps and bounds.

rags-to-riches贫穷到富裕的；白手起家的

Joe Flom是一个犹太人，他有才华，有天赋，并在学校中取得了优异的成绩，但是当到了毕业季的时候，他的同学都找到了工作，而他却并没有，他知道到也明白这样的不公平的待遇，原因就是种族歧视，就像在当时白人不愿意聘用一名黑人律师一样。但是当机遇来临时，他能抓住，也能做到，因为本身的天赋与能力都让他不同也常人。

1. Who was Joe Flom?

Flom grew up in the Depression in Brooklyn's Borough Park neighborhood.

3. What was so special about him?

He was a Jewish and he has a talent. He had the great capacity for judgment.

4. What did his parents do?

His parents were Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe. His father, Isadore, was a union organizer in the garment industry who later went to work sewing shoulder pads for ladies' dresses. His mother worked at what was called piecework-doing applique at home. They were desperately poor. His family moved nearly every year when he was growing up because the custom in those days was for landlords to give new tenants a month's free rent, and without that, his family could not get by.

5. What happened to him when going for hunting a job?

He didn’t got a job as other students having one even though he was the top students in his class.

6. Rags-to-riches story? 什么意思呢？

At the beginning, he got a job at a new firm with a high risk of having no clients, but they finally make it and now the firm is the biggest and having the highest profit in the world.

7. What was the lesson No. 1 of Joe Flom?

Even though they had some unfair treatment, however, they have the biggest potential and talent which can bring the good luck to the firm which people were not realized.

8. Why could not he be offered a job?

Racial discrimination

9. What were the old-line law firms of New York in the 1940s and 1950s like?

They were all headquartered in downtown Manhattan, in and around Wall Street, in somber, granite-faced buildings. The partners at the top firms graduated from the same Ivy League schools, attended the same churches, and summered in the same oceanside towns on Long Island. They wore conservative gray suits. Their partnerships were known as "white-shoe" firmsin apparent reference to the white bucks favored at the country club or a cocktail party, and they were very particular in whom they hired.

As is so often the case with outliers, buried in that setback was a golden opportunity. 怎么翻译好呢？

尽管这些有才华的人总会受到不公平的待遇，但是人们却忽视了藏在他们身后的那把金钥匙。

7.4 Chapter Five

sue for控告

dubious liabilities可疑的负债

Inordinate demands过度的要求

Adversity 逆境

the most economically vibrant city最具经济活力的城市

He struggled and floundered.挣扎

尽管对于那些富裕的家庭，可以给予孩子更多的机遇和更广阔的视野，但是另一方面讲，出生的时间也是成功的主要因素，一段时期所能呈现的资源和挑战都有所不同，比如出生在1911年之前的那一代人所面临的困境和贫穷是其他时期出生的人从未面对的，尽管他们拥有才华，但是那样的时期并不能给予他们展现自我的舞台，而与之相对应其他时代同样富有能力的人，他们却拥有机会发挥自己的才华和有更多可以提升自己的资源。

在这一章中，有两句印象特别深的话’It's that they had a skill that they had been working on for years that was suddenly very valuable. 有时候我们以为别人很有天赋、对很多事情毫不费力，那些所谓的“天才”甚至让我们的羡慕变成了嫉妒，但是我们却忽略就算是“天才”也是需要付出足够多的努力才可以达到让人嫉羡的程度呀。另一句是But that word luck fails to capture the work and the efforts and the imagination and the acting on opportunities that might have been hidden and not so obvious.很喜欢第二句话，很多的时候，我们总是带着偏见来判断别人的能力，或者有时我们也会受到这样不公平的待遇，我们往往忽视了别人真正的才能而去相信了那些偏见蒙蔽后的事物。

words and deeds言行

7.14 Chapter Six

第六章已两个强势的家族展开讨论，Howards和Turners，他们在城里都是数一数二的家族，拥有自己的庞大的企业。他们霸道、强势，没人敢与之敌对。而在他们之间，从最初的竞争对手到后来的相互残杀，是什么造成这样令人后怕的结果呢？原因就是“culture of honor”。

这样的荣誉文化一般都存在于高原地区或是那些土地肥沃的地区。再这样肥沃的地区，人们一般种粮食有别于那些在落基山脉的牧羊人的文化，生活与肥沃土地的人们不需要担心庄园的粮食被偷走，而相反的是生活与多岩山脉的牧羊人就要整天担心自己的羊到底会不会被人偷走，他们谨慎，好斗。他们所表现出来的言行举止都透露着他们十分强势。只有在这样的文化背景下，人们会对于侮辱的回应是将那人枪毙，而这样的回应却被当做是一个合适的反击，另一反面，诉讼中陪审团也不会将谋杀归为犯罪。而且这样的文化不仅仅与你在哪出生、成长，或是你父母的家庭背景有关系，它还与你的祖父和曾祖父甚至更遥远亲人有关。

为了研究这样的文化，研究人员展开了调查。而第二部分将会讨论那些天才是否和文化背景与我们的祖先有关。

感受:感觉习惯很重要，坚持更重要，之前两天因为一些事儿，没有打卡，没有记录一下到底读都了什么，就觉得遗忘了很多，所以还是要坚持打卡啊！

7.22 Chapter seven

本章通过一些飞机事故来分析总结了各种事故原因，天气，工作人员等原因，但是其中最为重要的也就是工作人员对于飞机发事故的发生最为重要，这是为什么呢？原因在于工作人员之间的关系以及信任及理解程度在这样的时刻显得格外重要，尽管驾驶技术也包含在内。

另一方面，文化差异也是另一方面原因，尽管全球的飞行人员都以英语作为一种通用语言，但是不同的文化差异也造成了不同的误解。

总之，这样然人痛心的飞机事故都是有很多共同造成的，我想最重要还是机组人员的严谨以及相互理解相互沟通才是最重要的。虽然没有经历过，也不希望经历，但是在那样的危急情况之下，能保持淡定平稳的心态真的很不容易。

7.24 Chapter eight

第八章以在我们国家南方的农耕方式展开，并与西方国家比较，以此为例讲述了亚洲国家的孩子与西方国家的孩子学习能力之间的差异，造成这样差异的原因有很多，比如语言结构的差异，亚洲语言普遍具有逻辑性及规律性，而英语并不是这样，它并不具有这一特点。比如汉语的语言结构使得孩子们较容易习得的其他的知识，有助于记忆理解，但英语并不一样，它的命名系统相对复杂不规律，这样时间一长，中西方孩子的差异就变得明显起来。另一方面，亚洲的长期辛勤的农耕方式让他们学会了很多本领及技巧，并让他们拥有富有逻辑的大脑，与此同时，希望以社交为主，大脑结构的差异也慢慢拉开，这也说明大脑是训练出来的，不思考是会生锈的。还有一点，群居的生活也是原因之一。

之前看过一个短视频，讲的是关于英语发展历史，英语这门语言并不单单是一种语言衍生而来，它是由多种语言文化综合而成，我想这是它为什么没有逻辑性的原因之一吧。

The memory gap between English and Chinese apparently is entirely due to this difference in length. It turns out that there is also a big difference in how number-naming systems in Western and Asian languages are constructed.

The number system in English is highly irregular. Not so in China, Japan, and Korea. They have a logical counting system. The Asian system is transparent.

The psychologist Richard Lynn has even gone so far as to propose an elaborate evolutionary theory involving the Himalayas, really cold weather, premodern hunting practices, brain size, and specialized vowel sounds to explain why Asians have higher IQs.t

But the differences between the number systems in the East and the West suggest something very different-that being good at math may also be rooted in a group's culture.

7.29 Chapter nine

第九章着重讲了贫穷家里的孩子与富裕家庭中的孩子到底差距在哪里，这是一个很现实的问题，尽管有句话叫做“寒门出贵子”，显然现在这样的难得的“贵子”越来越少了。而相比那些富裕家庭中的孩子则越来越来有才华，名牌大学出身，留学海归，无论从哪一方面讲，他们都是比较优秀的那一部分人，可能极少数挥霍家财，但总体来讲，富裕家庭给孩子带来的资源是贫困家庭中所无法比拟的。就像文中所说的那样，尽管在校学习优秀的贫困生，到了寒暑假就完完全全的失去了管制，一方面由于他们年龄小，但另一方面则由于他们的父母教育的原因。而那些相对富裕的家庭中的孩子，虽然在校的表现并不令人满意，不过由于假期里父母会想办法用不同的方式让孩子学习，这里的学习并不指真正意义上的“学习”，它们会让孩子阅读，跳舞，弹钢琴，或是骑马，或是旅游，通过这样不断地“学习”，然后孩子获得领悟，成就感以及渐渐形成不同的价值观，正是这样慢慢的“学习”让那些富裕家庭中的孩子与那些贫穷家庭中的孩子拉开相当大的差距，而这样的差距不仅仅是知识上的差距，还有孩子们心志上的差距。文中还提及到另一点，就是当学校有集体活动中，那些富裕家庭中的孩子们表现尤为突出，各方面都很活跃，突然想到前面有一章就有说过当那些家庭优越中的孩子参加活动时，他们会有更多的要求来满足自己的需求，但是家境不好的孩子们则不会这样做。这两类家庭中的孩子之所以会有这样的差距，就是因为父母所给予的资源不同，父母的思维方式以价值观及人生观都不同而导致对孩子的教育方式产生差异，这样教育方式的差异就会导致孩子行为方式及思维方式等等的差异。对于贫穷家庭来讲，这样的差异自孩子出身一来就存在，而且将会一直存在，也无法弥补。

比如文中这几句都有提及到

Poor kids may out-learn rich kids during the school year. But during the summer, they fall far behind.

Virtually all of advantage that wealthy students have over poor students is the result of differences in the way privileged kids learn while they are not in school.

…middle and sum-upper-middle-class families are using weekends and summer vacation to push their children ahead.

福利

更多精彩内容请持续关注“原著共读”

加入我们！

精品群

普通群