和从句一样，非谓语动词是以动词的变化型（不定式，动名词和分词）来替代句子中成分。

非谓语动词可充当的成分有主语，宾语，定语，状语，补语等。

作主语

一次性的、具体的行为用 to do,习惯性的、泛指的行为用doing, 但是区分不严格

Walking is a good form of excise. 散步是一种很好的运动方式。

Losing his job again makes Jim very upset. 失业让继母很苦恼。

To be or not to be is a question. 生存或死亡是个值得考虑的问题

it做形式主语

It is important for you to finish the homework . 完成作业对你来说很重要。

It is no use arguing with them. 和他们正面没用。

It is foolish of you to come here tonight. 你傻不傻呀，今晚就来。

作宾语

to do：常用的动词有：agree， afford, arrange, attempt, care, demand, guarantee, hesitate, seat, tend, manage, offer, climb, pretend, promise, refuse, threaten, volunteer determine, wish

不定式做宾语

I plan to watch “Days of our lives”. 我计划观看我们的生活这部泡沫剧。

He swore to abide by the principle. 他发誓遵守规则。

I find it difficult to work with him. 我发现和他一起工作很费劲。

Remember to lock the door. 记得锁门。

谓语动词+疑问词+不定式

I didn't know which to choose.=which I should choose 我不知道该选哪个。

I don't know what to say. 我不知道该说啥。

v-ing：常用的动词有：admit, excuse, postpone, fancy, practice, appreciate, finish, avoid, propose, consider, delay, imagine, deny, permit, save, miss suggest, enjoy，escape

常用的短语：look forward to, devote to, get used to, be accustomed to, stay, object to, pay attention to, get down to

v-ing作宾语

I saw the birds singing. 我看到鸟儿在唱歌。

I can't remember having been given such an honour. 我不记得曾有此殊荣。

I remembered locking the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights. 离开办公室时，我锁了门，却忘了关灯。

I am looking forward to sing in the crowd. 我期望在人群中大声歌唱。

介词宾语

By reviewing the old, you can learn something new. 温故而知新。

One learns a language by makings mistakes and correcting them. 一个人在犯错和纠正中学习新语言。

v-ing主动表被动：need, want, require, reserve

The watch needs repairing 表需要修理。

She want kissing. 她想被吻。

be worth结构用v-ing表被动意义

The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。

The book is worthy to be read.

The book is worthy of being read.

宾补

不定式作宾补

不定式作宾补的常用动词: advise, command, allow, encourage, instruct, intend, beg, expect, forbid, remind, urge, order, request, permit, teach persuade

advise sb to do sth.

We don't allow smoking here, so we don't allow you to smoke here. 我们不允许吸烟，所以不允许你们吸烟。

He encourages me to lose weight. 他们鼓励我减肥。

I was instructed to send a message to you. 有人通知我给你发个信息。

使役动词have, get, make, let：多数+省略to的不定式

The boss made his workers work 10 hours a day. 这个老板让员工一天工作十小时。

Don't let one minor setback defeat you. 别让小挫折击垮你。

get +带to不定式：

He usually got his secretary to buy breakfast for him. 他经常让秘书帮他买早饭。

have, get

have sb do

The boss had his secretary buy breakfast for him. 老板让秘书帮他买早饭。

have sb doing: 让持续不断的做

The coach had his players running all morning. 教练让选手们跑了一早晨。

have sth done

I will have the work done immediately. 工作我马上完成。

He tried to make himself understood. 他试图让他人理解自己。

make

I speak slowly to make myself understood. 我把语速放慢，以让他们容易理解。

感官动词 see, hear, feel

It was at the KTV that I heard him sing. +do表过程

I heard him singing when I participated in the party. +doing表正在发生

As we walk closer, we noticed his body covered by blood. 当我走进，发现他倒在血泊中。

Do you smell something burning? 你闻到糊味了吗？

with复合结构

The great leader visited the factory with many generals following. 伟大的领袖访问了工厂，多名将军跟随。

I received an invitation to dinner, and with my homework finished I gladly accepted. 有人请我吃完饭，由于昨晚完成，我欣然接受。

With a lot of challenges to meet, I am under huge pressure.挑战在前，我压力山大。

考虑主被动决定 to do, doing 还是done

I have something to do. 我有事情做。

The job needs to be done. 工作需要做。

I have smelt something burning. 我问到了烧焦的气味。

表语

不定式做表语表具体内容，如行为，目的，愿望，梦想，需求等

To see is to believe. 眼见为实

My task is to teach the students. 我的工作是教学生。

动名词做表语表抽象概念，如身份，职业，状态

The news is astonishing. 消息很惊人。

My job is talking, I am a teacher. 我的工作是说话，我是老师。

His job is raising pigs. 他是养猪的。

分词做表语

被动

We were astonished (by the news). 我们被消息惊呆。

状态

My heart is broken. 我伤心了。

The shrimp is frozen. 虾被冻住了。

He is studying English. 他在学英语。

定语

分词ing：令人。。

We have never heard a more touching story before. 我之前从没听过如此感人的故事。

分词ed： 感到。。

A broken heart is hard to be cured. 伤心难以弥补。

不及物动词的过去分词作定语，不表被动，表完成 fallen, faded, retired, risen, developed.

It is hard to capture the fallen leaves with a camera. 用镜头捕捉落叶，难。

China is still not a developed country. 中国仍然是一个发展中国家。

不定式做定语

Do you have something to eat? 你有没有吃的？

He is not the best man to be your spouse. 他不是能成为你配偶的最佳人选。

We have a big house to live in. 我们有大屋子住。

We have a serious problem to discuss. 我们有一个后果严重的问题需要讨论。

I have made the decision to quit. 我做了离职的决定。

不定式在the last, the only, 形容词最高级和序数词后边最定语

He is always the last one to leave. 他一直是最后走的那个。

动宾关系不及物动词要补介词

I am not sure which restaurant to eat at. 我不知道去哪家饭馆吃。

The poor guy has no place to live in. 这个可怜的人没地方住。

不定式常被用来修饰抽象名词 time, way, chance, ability, attempt, decision

I have time to do sth. 我又时间做事。

Do you have the ability to write in English. 你有用英语写作的能力吗？

This is just an attempt to test my assumption, so don't worry about the result. 这只是验证我设想的尝试，不必关心结果。

词做定语的时态概念：不定式，现在分词，过去分词

The question discussed yesterday is of great importance. 我们昨天讨论的问题很重要。

The question being discussed now is of great importance. 我们现在讨论的问题很重要。

The question to be discussed tomorrow is of great importance.我们明天将要讨论的问题很重要。

状语

不定式做原因状语

happy , glad, amazed...

I am happy to hang out with you. 我喜欢和你出去玩。

only/all+adj/adv+to do

I was only too happy to meet with my girlfriend. 见女朋友，我会很高兴。

目的状语in order to, so as to

I took down his number in order to/so as to not forget it. 我写下他的号码，以防忘记。

结果状语

adj/adv +enough+to do 足以

The girl is only enough to be a waiter. 小女孩刚到了能成为服务员的年龄。

only /just to do 令人失望的

She hurried to the class, only to find that the teacher had already been there. 她急急忙忙到学校，发现老师已经在那里。

He returned home after the war, only to be told that his wife has left home. 战争结束，他回家，发现老婆早跑了。

so+adj/adv+as to do

Would you be so kind as to open the door for me? 可不可以劳驾你帮我开门？

He is so devoted to her as to neglect many of her shortcomings. 他太喜欢她，以至于忽略了很多她的缺点。

分词：时间原因条件让步方式伴随，都可转化为状语从句

Hearing the knock on the door, they stopped talking. hear和knock的主语 一致才能使用分词

Not having made adequate preparations, we postponed the sports meeting. 由于准备工作不足，我们推迟了运动会。

Having been kept in prison for many years, he went mad. 在被羁押了多年后，他疯了。

Pressed by his parents, and realizing that he has wasted too much time, the boy is determined to stop playing video games. 在父母的压力下，以及认识到自己已经浪费太多时间，这个男孩子决定放弃电子游戏。